1 Introduction 

The purpose of this study is to assess the efficiency of health and safety training programs in enhancing the safety of workers in the oil and gas sector. For instance, the study will include a comparison of different practices and their advantages to assess how these programs may further decrease incident frequencies and improve safety performance.

Further, the research is necessitated by the fact that the oil and gas industry is a risky sector of the economy and the lives of workers are in great danger (Hussain et al., 2020). Moreover, Firman (2022) has revealed that health and safety issues have a way of reducing productivity this explains why better safety measures are needed to enhance the efficiency of employees.

Besides, to meet these objectives survey and interview data will be collected and analysed to integrate both qualitative and quantitative approaches as part of a mixed-methods research strategy. Therefore, the surveys will ask questions related to safety training programs using the Likert scale to gather information from the workers and staff in the industry.

Likewise, it shall involve interviews with safety officers, managers and workers, and case studies of specific safety training programs. Hence, this approach will ensure that the research gathers essential information on the status of health and safety training programs in boosting the safety of the workforce in oil and gas companies. Therefore, the research’s ultimate objective is to offer practical suggestions to improve safety training, as well as increase organisational safety and productivity. 

2 Research Philosophy (Ontology and Epistemology)

Positivism is a research philosophy that assumes that the only certainty is the scientific one which can be exclusively obtained through observation (Che Huei et al., 2020). For instance, Brauer (2022) stated this philosophy hinges on the predictions that reality is out there and exists independently of human observations and measurements.

Further, positivism focuses on empirical research to analyse the phenomenon and it deals with facts to conclude. Moreover, Vincoli (2024) described that it excludes any possible references to any metaphysical or theological idioms as the means of coming up with knowledge that can be considered sound and realistic. Besides, positivism is relevant to this research as it fits the purpose of the study of assessing and quantifying the extent of the influence of Health and Safety training programs on the safety and productivity of workers in the upstream oil and gas sector (Byrd, 2020).

In addition, research questions such as the role of safety training programs on safety performance and incidences, the main components of safety training and the effects on worker productivity cannot be well answered through theoretical research. Furthermore, Jacobsen (2020) mentioned that positive-minded research methodology is aligned with a collection of factual data through structured questionnaires and statistical analysis that tend to offer straightforward and factual links between safety training programs and results.

Therefore, by choosing a mixed-method research approach, which engages both quantitative and qualitative data, the study adheres to positivist epistemology (Wang, Yi and Liu, 2022). For instance, the quantitative part uses closed questionnaires with Likert scales to minimise bias and allow for the collection of numerical data that can be analysed statistically.

Additionally, Davahli et al. (2020) observed this is in line with the fact that positivist methodology centralises measurement and accumulation of facts. Hence, by analysing the survey data, the researcher can look for patterns and associations that will allow giving objective answers to the research questions. 

The qualitative aspect of the study, interviews and case studies which may be seen as less in tune with the strict positive approach enriches the quantitative part of the research with depth and context (Doolani et al., 2020). For instance, this makes the mixed-method approach necessary since it provides a richer understanding of the phenomena under study.

Further, Patel et al. (2022) stated that despite being common to subjectivity, qualitative data is equally processed methodically and scientifically to add up to the objective understanding of the problem under investigation. However, Modi et al. (2020) mentioned that there are of course some concerns with positivism, which is also a critical aspect of the research.

For instance, it may not explain the variations in human behaviours and attitudes that are important in the assessment of safety training programs. However, Rassel et al. (2020) argued that by adopting qualitative methods, the above limitation is overcome by providing a broader perspective that is in harmony with the positivistic values while embracing the rolling qualitative of values.

In general, Herlitz et al. (2020) observed that the qualitative and quantitative research method aligns with the positivist epistemology, which gives a broader outlook to the research study that is based on the empirical references associated with the health and safety training programs’ effects on worker safety and productivity of the oil and gas industry. Therefore, this research approach improves the internal and external validity and reliability of the study findings, increasing their practical value for enhancing safety training programs. 

3 Research Method Fit

The method selected for the integration of quantitative and qualitative data into this research is appropriate because of the efficiency of these two methods. For instance, Lu et al. (2020) stated that structured and quantitative research involves few guided and close-ended questions that enable the collection of much information that helps in pattern, correlation, as well as trend analysis free from personal bias.

Further, Getuli et al. (2020) mentioned that the methodologies used in these studies afford broad conclusions about the effect of health and safety training programs to workers on workers’ safety line productivity in the oil and oil and gas industry. However, Semerikov et al. (2020) asserted that quantitative methods may fall short of fully revealing the characteristics of the problems under investigation.

Therefore, the use of interviews along with case studies, for instance, furnishes greater detail about the cause of outcome that may not be extrapolated in quantitative research. When one delineates factors that influence the safety training initiatives, and the environments in which they are conducted, researchers get a larger picture of the effectiveness of the safety training.

Also, Xie et al. (2020) revealed that using interviews and surveys increases validity, where the results from both methods can be compared to enrich and strengthen the understanding of the results and recommendations. Therefore, it is clear that qualitative approaches assist in different issues influencing worker protection and productivity such as the business environment and leadership approaches.

At this stage, there are several advantages of the mixed-method approach over the difficulties in offering a more comprehensive and holistic view of the issues to be researched (Scherpenzeel et al., 2020). For instance, it makes the research to be based on quantifiable data while at the same time benefiting from qualitative contextual intelligence information.

In conclusion, De Brier et al. (2020) noted that the use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches in the study offers a fair and accurate representation of the impact of the health and safety training programs on the improvement of the safety and productivity of employees within the oil and gas industry.

Furthermore, O’Donovan and McAuliffe (2020) also pointed out that by integrating the strengths of both approaches, the paper adds to knowledge on the effectiveness of safety training endeavours and reduces the limitations of the use of only quantitative outcomes.

4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Chosen Method

This study uses a mixed approach in determining the impact of health and safety training programs on worker safety and efficiency in the Oil and Gas industry. For example, Parker (2020) explained that quantitative research refers to sample data collection attained from the population by employing standardised questionnaires, the results of which are general and analytically measurable.

However, Gerup, Soerensen and Dieckmann (2020) mentioned that they may reduce variables and may not adequately portray realities in all their dimensions and dynamics. However, Gerup, Soerensen and Dieckmann (2020) revealed that they may decrease variables and may not sufficiently portray actualities in all their magnitudes and undercurrents.

Conversely, Pamidimukkala and Kermanshachi (2021) observed that interviews and case studies offer depth and richness to the research as they elicit details on the issues and highlight the complexity of people’s behavior.

On the other hand, Vaismoradi et al. (2020) argued that the use of qualitative methods is limited by the fact that it takes a lot of time, and findings can be subjective as compared to the use of quantitative measures and tools that can provide deeper insight into human behaviors and the organisational climate, which can be hard to capture by just the use of quantitative methods; when the two approaches are combined in a mixed-methods approach, the weaknesses of each can be minimised while the strengths can be maximised.

Therefore, Buljac-Samardzic, Doekhie and van Wijngaarden (2020) asserted that quantitative data offers between populations generalisation while qualitative data enhances depth enabling researchers to arrive at more accurate conclusions through triangulation. 

Quantitative analysis is distinctive in identifying common trends whilst qualitative analysis gains in importance when seeking details and specific implementations of the analysed training, particularly within the oil and gas industry (Gualtieri, Rauch and Vidoni, 2021).

For instance, Elhadi et al. (2020) stated that by using both quantitative and qualitative research methods, the researcher can respond to research questions more holistically and guarantee the reliability and relevance of the findings. However, it is also helpful since it enables researchers to establish regularities between quantitative outcomes while simultaneously cultivating further exhaustive qualitative peculiarities of the organisation’s climate and employee perceptions (Campbell et al., 2020).

Thus, Omidi et al. (2021) explained that combining weak quantitative and strong qualitative methods in the current study makes the research capture a wide view of the impact of health and safety training programs in the oil and gas sector. By combining both features and reducing the disadvantages of one approach and the other, the conclusions and results are certainly sound to ensure the effectiveness of the subsequent interventions for worker safety and productivity.

5 Limitations and Challenges

When it comes to data gathering and data analysis phases, the research has a lot of challenges and limitations regarding the selected methods, both qualitative and quantitative (Quezada, Talbot and Quezada-Parker, 2020). For instance, Roy and Uekusa (2020) stated that these issues have to undergo comprehensive scrutiny to develop a sound research framework and effective results.

On the measurement and data collection front, one concern that should be noted is the challenge of conducting a large number of workers in the oil and gas industry due to organisational structures and employee access constraints (O’donovan and Mcauliffe, 2020). In this regard, building trust, protection of confidentiality and engaging with the industry stakeholders or unions is unavoidable.

Moreover, Thomas et al. (2022) stated that some elements need to be considered when constructing survey instruments and piloting the surveys and using validated scales may be helpful. Additionally, during the analysis phase, statistical analysis should be very rigorous, especially when analysing quantitative data such as regression and correlation analysis (Cummings et al., 2021).

Thus, people are advised to go even for an expert or a statistician because one may end up making wrong conclusions from statistical misuse.

However, data collection through an interview has its limitations, especially about time and resources within a time-oriented context such as an industry (Agaton and Cueto, 2021). Additionally, it is important to follow the correct structure of the interviews to cover every possible area and repeat what was said during the interview.

In addition, Ettinger et al. (2021) described quantitative data analysis as a process of coding and using thematic analysis to examine and identify various patterns without introducing bias. Further, the integrity of the collected data can be improved by performing the member checking and data source triangulation methods. Hence, Fang et al. (2020) pointed out that the limitations of quantitative and qualitative approaches such as the inability to consider context or limited generalisability can be overcome by employing a mixed methods approach.

For example, Oakman et al. (2020) noted that it combines elements of both, and it is beneficial in providing an accurate picture of the safety of workers and the efficiency of the oil and gas sector. Hence, when conducting a study using the MM approach, the aforementioned challenges are some of the emergent difficulties when a study incorporates a mixed research methodology (Jiang et al., 2024).

Therefore, the methodological approaches have demonstrated that it is possible to have substantive results that enhance the explorations of the study while making the outcomes more credible by combining quantitative and qualitative data.

6 Approaches Used in Similar Research

Various methods have been used in other research focused on the assessment of health and safety training in the oil and gas sector (Buomprisco et al., 2021). For example, Braun et al. (2021) pointed out that quantitative surveys have aided in measuring programs for safety training with aggregations of perceptions of the workers, incidence rate and productivity.

In contrast, Luo et al. (2021) asserted that surveys are helpful to obtain generalisable data, although it does offer information about trends. Moreover, surveys and polls are more generalised in their approach and often fail to capture the depth and detail that may be achieved through interviews and historical evidence (Siedlecki, 2020).

Hence, Xing et al. (2021) concluded that the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods remains crucial in providing a richer insight into the research problem as each method is not powerful enough on its own.

Based on the current research aims and objectives, a mixed research approach has been deemed most appropriate to provide a fuller understanding of the effects of health and safety training programs in the Oil and Gas sector (Akinosho et al., 2020). For instance, Quantitative survey data will establish a correlation between safety training programs and data on incidences and performance enhancements.

On the other hand, Hamilton et al. (2021) highlighted that Qualitative interviews and case studies of employers will provide novel insights into these trends to understand and explain in detail, the characteristics of training programs that lead to enhancements in safety and productivity.

Therefore, the rationale for selecting the current mixed-methods approach is in the integration of the features of quantitative and qualitative methods for a comprehensive understanding of the research problem. For instance, Clark et al. (2021) revealed that it enables concurrent and comprehensive quantitative and qualitative data that provide generalised results as well as specific data.

Furthermore, McQuillan and Leininger (2023) stated that quantitative surveys generate accurate indices of direct impact of the program on safety, in contrast to qualitative data that capture mediating factors. Further, this integration of both methods in the current study aims at generating generalisable and usable results that would enhance an understanding of the effectiveness of health and safety training programmes in the oil and gas sector.

Therefore, Rani (2021) verified that future studies must use both quantitative and qualitative methods to grasp all the aspects of the effectiveness of health and safety training programs within the oil and gas industry. Furthermore, the strategy of conducting a mixed-methods approach in the current study is deemed useful as it will be able to offer breadth and depth in the evaluation of these programs (Panteli, Kylili and Fokaides, 2020).

Hence, this approach will guarantee that the results not only supplement the literature but also be applicable in enhancing safety and productivity in the industry. 

7 Alternative Methods

Other forms of research like experimental research and longitudinal research can offer other methods of studying the impact of health and safety training programs in the oil and gas sector. For instance, Engel, McManus and Herold (2020) stated that every method has its distinct qualities that can especially influence the research results.

Further, experimental design requires fixing the level of the independent variable and observing the effect that it has on the dependent variable while isolating all other influences. Moreover, Piwowar-Sulej (2021) described this method as quite effective in developing causal relationships in a given model.

Additionally, using workers in the oil gas sector and dividing half of them into a treatment group with the new safety training program and the remaining half forming a control group without the training can tell the outcome of the program. Therefore, Haghani et al. (2020) mentioned this reduces the intervention of extraneous variables hence any observed effects are easily attributable to the training itself.

Besides, the experimental design affords high-quality proofs for causality but its use in oil and gas might be limited by pragmatic considerations and ethically unpalatable approaches (Loucks et al., 2022). Hence, users may also consider that the method does not necessarily mimic real-life scenarios since it has been developed in a controlled environment leading to its internal validity. 

On the other hand, Longitudinal studies involve data collection from the same subjects over time to assess their prospect of safety training programs (Lamé and Dixon-Woods, 2020). For instance, comparing the safety performance and productivity data of the workers before and after the training implementation for several years can highlight the dynamic role of training and its changing effects over time.

In addition, Labrague and de Los Santos (2021) stated that the longitudinal research design is important for measuring temporal changes and long-term effects and provides insights into the effects of training programs. However, Hamouche (2023) asserted that they are costly in terms of time and could involve challenges of participant dropout, which may influence the outcome gained. Similarly, different methods such as employing experimental design or utilising longitudinal studies would have different research findings (Fernández‐Castillo et al., 2021).

Moreover, experimental design can provide rather objective evidence of training program outcomes to advocate for shifts in public policies or to call for new training programs. However, Shibani, Hassan and Shakir (2020) asserted that its applicability to the industry might be hampered by the feasibility and ethical considerations. Furthermore, longitudinal results are useful for examining long-term effects and persistent changes, which are appropriate for a strategy to propel constant enhancement.

However, Adeoye‐Olatunde and Olenik (2021) mentioned that some limiting factors comprise the improved time frame required for the study and participant retention problems which may lead to the inaccuracy of the data collected. Thus, having explored the imperatives of both experimental design and longitudinal studies, one can identify both the advantages and drawbacks of both approaches.

However, Abd-Alrazaq et al. (2020) also showed that recursive deconstruction of methodology is contingent on research question, potential practicalities, and needs for causal over historical effects. Therefore, this study that adopts both quantitative and qualitative research methodology may offer a comprehensive picture of the health and safety training programs in the oil and gas industry.

8 Conclusion 

Positivist research philosophy and both quantitative and qualitative research approaches are used to assess the extent the health and safety training programs contribute to the improvement of worker safety and productivity in the oil and gas industry. For instance, there is positivistic approach that states that only facts should be emphasised, and this view matches quite well with the spirit of quantification.

Moreover, interviews and questionnaires will be engaged to measure the program’s competence and gather quantitative statistics. Therefore, the study will employ quantitative approaches such as surveys with Likert scale questions to collect generalisable data from a large sample of workers. Moreover, regression analysis and correlation will be employed to determine the association of training programs with safety and productivity.

In addition, interviews and case studies will provide the prospects for quantitative methods for an increased understanding of the effectiveness of the training programs. Thus, quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis are critical in research. While the quantitative data offers possibilities to generalise the results and analyse them in terms of statistical significance, the qualitative data offers depth.

Although response bias and issues concerning resources could pose a challenge to the study, the mixed-methods approach begins by capitalising on the relative strength of each method to provide an all-around solution. Finally, the research philosophy and approach mentioned above will indeed accomplish the predetermined research objectives.

Therefore, this approach of using both quantitative and qualitative research methods in the study will help create a better understanding of the effects of health and safety training programs concerning the safety and productivity of the workers in the oil and gas industry. Consequently, the combined approach allows for coming to well-reasoned and generalisable conclusions as well as taking into account specific contexts that speak to the research questions adequately. 

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